There Are Multiple Barriers That Prevent Recent Immigrants

There are multiple barriers that prevent recent immigrants to Canada from accessing mental health services including culture, stigma, and affordability. One of the barriers that prevents immigrants from seeking mental health services is language proficiency (Ohtani, Suzuki, Takeuchi, Ochida, 2015). Language barriers and their implications on mental health care will be reviewed. Brisset et al. (2013) highlights the importance of dialogue between the health care practitioner and the client receiving care. This inhibits the practitioner’s ability to form a diagnosis, and to collaboratively decide on a course of treatment. Recent immigrants and refugees have a higher likelihood to suffer from psychiatric disorders (Brisset et al, 2013).†¦show more content†¦On PsycINFO, the search criteria included key words: language barriers, and mental health. The inclusion criteria included only peer-reviewed, scholarly articles, date of publication between 2012 to 2017, articles wri tten by Canadian authors, and written in English. There were nineteen results, of which three were chosen for analysis. A total of five articles was chosen for this literature review. Furthermore, the literature used consists of level V and VI of evidence (LoBiondo-Wood Haber, 2013). This included three peer-reviewed, scholarly articles that were level V evidence, systematic reviews of qualitative studies. Additionally, there were two articles that were level VI evidence, a single qualitative study. A limitation to one of the studies by Ginieniewicz McKenzie (2014) is that they are focusing on a specific immigrant population, Latin Americans in Canada. Two of the articles, written by Chadwick Collins (2015) and Lum, Swartz, Kwan (2016) emphasize the importance of language barriers in primary care, rather than specifically mental health. When discussing the language barriers there was an insufficient amount of detail about the language proficiency and which areas that needed to b e met in order to successfully have a conversation between the health care practitioner and the client without confusion. Brisset et al. (2013) is the only article which discusses the different type ofShow MoreRelatedThe Multiculturalism Act ( 1988 )1394 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the 2006 census (Statistics Canada, 2006), there was a total of 1,109,980 new immigrants arriving Canada from various countries between 2001 and 2006. The Multiculturalism Act (1988) is adopted to encourage ethnic groups to preserve their own languages and cultural heritages while integrating into the Canadian culture (Minster of Justice, 1984). Despite that, constant barriers remain in immigrants’ experiences of acculturation. Newcomers who failed to acculturate into the host countryRead MoreDomestic Violence And Immigrant Women1274 Words   |  6 PagesThe student documentary video regarding domestic violence and immigrant women highlighted a significant health and a human right problem a ll over the world. Violence is defined by the World Health Organization as the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, male-development, or deprivation† (WHO 2002:4). AccordingRead MoreEssay On Illegal Immigration1206 Words   |  5 Pages and forging documents to make someone appear to have citizenship. Illegal immigrants are known by multiple labels like, day-crosser, undocumented immigrant, and illegal aliens. There is an estimated 11 million undocumented immigrants living in the United States without citizenship half of which are Mexican. Of these undocumented citizens, about 8 million are working jobs. The Majority of the undocumented immigrants living in the United States live in sanctuary cities. Sanctuary cities are citiesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Syrian Family1630 Words   |  7 Pagesthat help him deal with life. The client has the audacity to confront the public with the sermons and talks he used when he was in his hometown, for instance. The character of the client is friendly, he has extensive social relations in the Syrian immigrant society. He has a desire for volunteer work and serving others, as this is demonstrated by the clients participation in Islamic events. 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According to the most recent United States Census the town has a population of just over 14,000 people and continues to grow. This growth in population has led to the main issue of my action research plan. I had the opportunity to spend my student teaching semester at CarthageRead MoreImmigrant Farmworkers as a Vulnerable Population2067 Words   |  9 PagesImmigrant Farm Workers as a Vulnerable Population Ronda LaVigne HCS 531 August 29, 2011 Doris Chimera, RN, MA, MHA Immigrant Farm Workers as a Vulnerable Population This essay will provide an overview of immigrant farm workers as an example of a vulnerable population in society. A sample population demographic and background information about the community provides characteristics and context about why this group constitutes a vulnerable population. A discussionRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of The Traumatic Event ( Ptsd )1629 Words   |  7 Pageshistory and background. There are several cultural and contextual variables to be considered in the treatment of Mr. Jarrah. Sirin and Fine (2007) find that some immigrants face the difficulty of forming a cultural identity, struggling between their American identity and their native identity. Being an immigrant from Iraq, coupled with the recent 9/11 terrorist attacks and the War in Iraq, I wonder whether Mr. Al Jarrah and his family struggle with identity formation. Demers (2011) found additional evidenceRead MoreLet s Get Something Straight : America Was Never Great Essay2219 Words   |  9 PagesLet’s get something straight: America was never â€Å"great.† From views on African Americans, immigrants, religions, homosexuals, and even women, America may have overcome how harsh they treat different people, but they are still facing controversies over said topics. When President elect, Donald Trump says â€Å"make America great again,† it’s hard to understand what he means because, again, America was never actually â€Å"great.† As a character in the Netflix Original Series: Orange is the New Black said, thisRead MoreChild Poverty in New Zealand1119 Words   |  5 Pagesan important role and could lead to various complications such as poor health and less access to education. Anyone can suffer from this; however studies have shown that some eth-class is more vulnerable than others (e.g. non-white population and immigrants). Majority of the population thought the contribution to impoverishment is due to individuals personal faults (Carroll, Casswell Huakau, 2011). It may be true in to certain extend but it is the pervasive social construction of the society that

Point of View in Defender of the Faith and Hills Like...

Point of View in Defender of the Faith and Hills Like White Elephants In the short stories Defender of the Faith and Hills Like White Elephants, two very different points of view are used. In Defender of the Faith, the first person point of view is used. Hills Like White Elephants uses the objective point of view. The two different points of view give each story their own individual characteristics. One point of view is not necessarily better than the other. The two are equally effective because of how the author uses it in their respective story. Philip Roth portrays his short story, Defender of the Faith, through the eyes of Sergeant Nathan Marx. The story tells of the encounters between the Sergeant and Private†¦show more content†¦The view keeps a sort of suspense present in the story. Confusion is not an issue with the use of this point of view. The first person view obviously leaves out parts of the story but in no way makes for a confusing plot. Lack of details as to what Grossbart is planning keeps the story alive and excitin g. If an omniscient or objective view were used for this story it would seem unexciting and almost pointless. On the 2 other hand, if the first person were used from the view of Grossbart the story would have a different meaning and most likely make the Sergeant look like a bad person. First person is clearly the correct point of view for this story, and the author chose to use it through the Sergeant. Ernest Hemingway portrays the short story Hills Like White Elephants through the objective viewpoint. The reader is like a stander by who can clearly see all the action, but cannot decipher what the characters are thinking. Because of the viewpoint, the topic of conversation is left a mystery the entire story. Even at the conclusion the reader is still not absolutely sure of what the couple was speaking about. The point of view did make the story hard to understand. It caused some frustration to not know what this couple was debating about. If this story is only to be read and analyzed, the objective view works. However, if this story is for pure enjoyment an omniscient or first person view wou ld beShow MoreRelatedANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesexplicitly dramatized or presented in an early scene or chapter. Some conflicts, in fact, are never made explicit and must be inferred by the reader from what the characters do or say as the plot unfolds (as, for example, in Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†). Conflict, then, is the basic opposition, or tension, that sets the plot in motion; it engages the reader, builds the suspense or mystery of the work, and arouses expectation for the vents that are to follow. The plot of the traditionalRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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Feasibility Study of Bata Company Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the International Strategy of Bata Company. Answer: Introduction When a firm takes its operations beyond local borders, we say the company has gone global. In this case, its services and products aim the international market. The global operation offers a wide market and consequently will come with benefits and more profits would be realized. However, it comes with a lot of challenges and difficulties in the sense that certain qualifications must be met and several requirements should also be attained before thinking of taking the great step to move operations globally (Kraap, 2005). Global market captures many customers with varied tastes, therefore, it would give the firm an opportunity to come up with different types and styles of products to fit the needs of customers. The Company therefore keen to globally make its products available and get hold of more customers both locally and internationally. The firm has widened its base and its operations should, therefore, be felt outside the country since their satisfaction rate has risen to a tremen dous level due to their endeavor to manufacture quality products compared to their competitors in the region. One thing that has made this firm to keep a positive track is the availability of raw materials (Kedia, 2013). Importance of Global marketing Consequently, the quantity of production would have to increase to take care of the high demand and increased area of the market to serve. Apart from enjoying a wide market, the firm would be able to increase its sales volume. Venturing into the global market would make the firm acquire proper technological advances because a number of firms using varied technological skills would be met (Sandra, 2012). It is important to note that technology can be copied and shared at the same time, therefore, The Bata Company apart from using its own technology, will be in a position to learn and benefit from new technologies which may assist their production positively. Operating internationally would enable the firm to make perfection since it will give them an opportunity to meet other serious competitors who may be having an established base and more advance in the kind of products they manufacture (Chrispus, 2014).As a matter of fact, it is important to meet competition that is challenging en ough to you work extra hard to perfect your services and products. This can only be possible if your competitors are also strong to give you challenge that will make you change your approaches and tactics. The table below shows how Bata Company has competitively shares the market with its competitors in the last 5 years both locally and internationally. Bata Other companies % share 40 2014 60 44.4 2015 55.6 48 2016 52 49.1 2017 51.9 Firm level approaches and strategies The firm employs different strategies to meet the demands and preferences of its customers in their local market. To ensure that there is a total satisfaction guaranteed, the firm uses sales persons to market its products. At the same time, it has opened distribution points so that its customers can easily find their products. The sales outlets are spread almost in all major and small towns. This ensures easy accessibility and comparison of the prices and quality of products. When the firm expands to the international market, there are some new approaches that will come into place are able to change the face of the firm at the same time allowing the firm to perfect its operations to satisfy the expectations of its customers (Sushil, 2011). The current approaches of the firm do not allow the firm to explore its full potential as they limit the operations to local markets only. With the expansion to foreign markets, the company would be able to interact with new ideas and challenges fr om a global perspective. These ideas are significant in sharpening the firms strategies to challenge its competitors and compete at a favorable level with them. The current approaches also do not open an elaborate door for technological growth because the firm may only delve into the locally available technology. New technological advances can easily be derived from global market because there are countries that have more advanced technology than others (Michael, 2014). The Bata Company is keen on entering a new market such that is necessary to compare different market strategies available and that can be explored easily. A market strategy is a way in which an organization uses to enter a new market (Mookerjee, 2013). The new market can be local or international market. The Bata Company is taking the opportunity seriously and has several options with it. The following are some of the common entry strategies that would be looked at by the company: Exportation Licensing Franchising Partnering and Joint Venturing Exportation The Bata Company would wish to export its products to the international market through two ways. First, direct importation can be carried out by shipping goods to international market directly without involving subsidiaries. Secondly, indirect importation, which involves using intermediaries seem to be less costly and this would be the preferred method the which, Bata Company would wish to adopt before it strengthens itself for international market. Licensing To license is to allow another company the right to produce and participate in selling another firms products elsewhere through agreement. Although, this is a viable entry strategy, it can be a challenging strategy for the Bata Company since such company will need the knowledge of our own firm in doing so. Such local company must therefore be given all the right to information and it needs the resources in order to produce the same products as the Bata Company. Despite all the risks, this could be a better strategy for Bata Company, which has a big share of the potential market. Franchising It is so far the best method for entry into the international market, but only for food dealing companies. It stands for copy and pasting what is done in the local market into the international market. It will only serve for smaller markets and it may be successful when the company brand has been well established and known all over. The Bata Company is an established one, but we cannot use this strategy because we wish to control a very large market globally such that copying and pasting would be quite hard to achieve. Joint Venturing In this strategy, the Company may wish to work in collaboration with another company due to the expanded market. Because the international market is large, the Bata Company would need a local company to work together especially because of varied cultural differences. The two companies may come together to form a big third company, however, this company must be one that deals in similar products. They will therefore make a new product that is expected to create a new impact in the market. However, it needs a lot of consultations and trust because one company may decide to swallow the partner. Recommendation for the best strategy for the Bata Company The Bata Company should choose to use Export strategy because it is the easiest way to venture into global market. Having looked at the rest of the strategies, it is only the export strategy that does not need several procedures to undertake. Although, indirect exportation needs intermediaries to undertake, it is something that can be done one-on-one without having to build branches or big offices in other cities and towns. It is important therefore that the Bata Company learns about these strategies because they all have advantages and disadvantages as have been highlighted in this report. Risk, Cost, and Environmental factors Global business looks like a promising idea for businesses like the Bata Company; however, it comes with several challenges that must be looked upon. The common problem with international business is the language and cultural barriers. Sometimes working with customers or sales persons who do not understand or speak your native language may be challenging. This firm (Bata) in venturing into the international market would face this great problem. To counter this, the firm will require employing full-time translators or involve local people as their employees in order to have smooth operations (Robert, 2016). This as has been stated in this report, would require additional resources and a greater commitment on the side of the companys top management. We cannot forget that venturing into foreign market requires the firm to meet certain requirements as per the laws of that land. This may come through paying taxes and acquiring permits to carry out such businesses. Some of the procedures m ay be too involving, time-consuming, and expensive to undertake. This may delay the success and lower the morale of people. It is important to choose the right people on the ground to deal with at all times because some of working partners may have misleading thoughts and ideas that may lead to the collapse of the business or slow expansion (Onesmus, 2015). The Bata Company is looking forward to coming into a market in other countries that already have been invaded by similar business; therefore, we expect stiff completion from several competitors both locally and internationally. It is thus important to ask the question whether it would be possible to penetrate the market. If possible, they would it be profitable under the circumstances. Global ventures involve many risks as having been highlighted in this report. It is almost the same taking an entrepreneurial risk at some instances (Kerry, 2010). Quite little may be known about what may come later in the process of setting up the business in foreign countries. For example, there could be a stiff competition that could make the firm lose its business strategy grip thus failing at some points. In addition, some environmental problems may be caused by the exposition of certain by-products from the used materials. However, the firm ensures a proper disposal measure that leaves the environment clean and friendly. These are factors that need a proper explanation to the authorities of any foreign company so that there are no problems caused thereafter (John, 2012). Lastly, the cost of this venture is expected to be high because certain structures have to be in place to ensure smooth operations. Therefore, the Bata Company has arranged for financial backup to take care of any financial need in terms of employment, building new machines and equipment. The most feasible entry approach for Bata Company would be to carry out proper research in the country they wish to venture in. This will enable them to understand everything they need before implementing the idea (Rufus, 2017). Conclusion Foreign investment is termed as a good approach which can help both countries, for example, the host country benefits and the source country benefits too. The Bata Company has been in existence for decades now and has a strong base of capital and human capital as well. Therefore, there is a strong belief that it can do better outside its own country (Ritta, 2011). It has whatever it needs to stretch its wings to external world because it has managed to build its outlet locally. Global market captures many customers with varied tastes, therefore, it would give the firm an opportunity to come up with different types and styles of products to fit the needs of customers. The Company therefore keen to globally make its products available and get hold of more customers both locally and internationally (Robert, Global Management Issues and Ethics, 2014). The firm has widened its base and its operations should, therefore, be felt outside the country since their satisfaction rate has risen to a tremendous level due to their endeavor to manufacture quality products compared to their competitors in the region. One thing that has made this firm to keep a positive track is the availability of raw materials. References Chrispus. (2014). Globalization. Global Business Business and strategies for development, IV (4), 60-70. John. (2012). Business Technological Advances and Management. Business Adventure, V (7), 32-34. Kedia. (2013). The importance of international skills for international business. Business Daily, 8-10. Kerry. (2010). Business Enterprises and Development. Business Focus, III (5), 70-80. Kraap. (2005). Global Venture. Business Insight, II (10), 10-12. Michael. (2014). Global Business foundations, conditions, and challenges. Business Daily, 20-23. Mookerjee. (2013). A study of Influence of Source Characteristics and Product Importance on Consumer Word of Mouth Based on Personal Sources. Global Business Review, 177-193. Onesmus. (2015). How to venture outside the local country. Business Insight, IV (14), 30-40. Ritta. (2011). How to go global and challenges of global business. Business Daily, 50-60. Robert. (2014). Global Management Issues and Ethics. Business Tactics and reorganization, 45-50. Robert. (2016). Strategic Level Approaches. Business Daily, III (12), 50-60. Rufus. (2017). Business statistics and key values of concern. Greater Achievers, 30-48. Sandra. (2012). International Business. Entrepreneural Development and Strategy , IV (6), 10-15. Sushil, L. a. (2011). The Importance of Situation, Actors, and Process in Management of Strategic Alliances. Global Business Review, 29-39. Tallman. (2017). Business Model in Global Competition. Business Insight, 5-9.

WWII - Prisoners Of War Essays - Aftermath Of War, Prisoner Of War

WWII - Prisoners of War Dear: The International Red Cross I am writing a letter to you today to mention how the prisoners of war were treated throughout the second world war. If you have never been a Prisoner of War (POW), you are extremely lucky. The prisoners of war during the World War II, (1939-1945) were treated poorly with no respect or consideration and were given the living conditions worse than animals. It was an extremely bad situation that no human being could survive. They were mistreated, manhandled, beat and even shot defending their country. No one wanted to go to war, but for those men who did, and for those who survived as POWs will always regret it. The Prisoners of War were kept in concentration camps, where it was day to day constant dying and suffering and separation of the family with unconditional weather. 1 They had no real shelter, and kept busy by working, and the odd time even got a chance to play baseball, soccer or some athletic game to stay in shape. 2 They were surrounded by twenty-four hour guard surveillance in the middle of nowhere, so it would be quite useless to attempt to escape, especially at the risk of being gunned down at any given time. The POW were always having to turn their back and keep an eye out for one another. They were considered to be "hostages" and were treated like the enemy. The concentration camps were not very large but were numerous. They contained about 500-600 warriors and were divided into groups of under sixteen, older than sixteen, and of course by gender (Male and Female). 3 This caused many problems with the POWs as they were split from their families, and in a lot of cases, never saw one another again. The Prisoners of War were killed by the hundreds as malnutrition and hygiene eventually caught up with them. They were put to work for lengthy periods of time, and we treated harshly for volunteering to go to war. Once caught, they were taken and placed in a camp, and it was the beginning of the end for the ally. It is n ot like a prisoner in today's society. The prisoners had to live with leftover scraps of food, dirty water, and no hope of exiting, plus the constant shooting. They were not prisoner whom had committed a crime, rather brave warriors whom stood up to defend us. 4 It is a life no one wants to encounter, and we pray no one does, and we remember how they were abused and how they suffered to protect us. This special day is called Remembrance Day and is celebrated the eleventh day of the eleventh month. BIBLIOGRAPHY WORLD WAR II, "Prisoners" Marshall Cavendish Ltd, New York, Vol VIII. 940.53 WORLD WAR II, "Prisoners of War" Marshall Cavendish Ltd, New York, Vol III. 940.53 WORLD WAR II, "Prisoners of War" Marshall Cavendish Ltd, New York, Vol X. 940.53 Gosselin, Luc. PRISONS IN CANADA, Montreal, Quebec: Black Rose Books, 1982

How and When to Paraphrase Quotations

How and When to Paraphrase Quotations Paraphrasing is one tool writers use to avoid plagiarism. Along with direct quotations and summaries, its a fair use of another persons work which can be incorporated into your  own writing. At times, you can make more impact by paraphrasing a quotation instead of quoting it verbatim. What Is Paraphrasing? Paraphrasing is a restatement of a quotation using your own words. When you paraphrase, you restate the original authors ideas in your own words. Its important to differentiate paraphrasing from patchwriting; patchwriting is a form of plagiarism in which a writer directly quotes portions of a text (without attribution) and then fills in the gaps with their own words. When Should YouParaphrase? Quoting a source directly can be powerful, but sometimes paraphrasing is a better choice. Usually, paraphrasing makes more sense if: the quotation is long and wordythe quotation itself is poorly writtenthe quotation itself is technical or uses difficult-to-understand or obsolete language An Effective Method of Paraphrasing a Quotation: Before you begin paraphrasing, its important to fully understand the quotation, its context, and any important cultural, political, or hidden meanings. Your job, as a paraphraser, is to accurately convey the authors meaning as well as any subtext. Carefully read the original quotation and make sure to understand its central idea.Note down anything that grabs your attention. If you feel that some element (word, phrase, thought) contributes to the central idea of the quotation, make a note of it.If there are any words, ideas, or meanings that are unclear, look them up. For example, if youre paraphrasing the work of a person from a different culture or time, you may want to look up references to people, places, events, etc. that are not familiar to you.Write a paraphrase in your own words. Meticulously avoid using the original words, phrases, and expression. At the same time, make sure that your words convey the same central idea.If you need to use an interesting word or phrase from the original text, use quotation marks to indicate that it is not your own.Cite the author, the source, and the date given in the text, to credit the owner of the quotation. Remember: Though the words of the paraphrase are your own, the thought behind it isnt. To not mention the authors name is plagiarism. How does a Paraphrase Differ From a Summary? To the untrained eye, a paraphrase and a summary may look alike. A paraphrase, however: May restate  just a single  sentence, idea, or paragraph rather than  an entire  text;May be shorter than or just as long as the original  text;May be used in the context of a wide range of written  materials such as an essay, letter to the editor, article, or book;describes the original text in different words without omitting details. A summary, by contrast: is an abridged version of the entire original text.must be shorter than the original text.always eliminates details, examples, and supporting points.

The Suffix -esque and the Like

The Suffix -esque and the Like The Suffix â€Å"-esque† and the Like The Suffix â€Å"-esque† and the Like By Mark Nichol The suffix -esque, one of a class of what are called adjectival suffixes, is adopted from the French version of the Italian suffix -esco, related to the standard English adjectival suffix -ish, and all of them mean like, or â€Å"related to† or â€Å"characteristic of†; -esque is more specialized, while -ish has additional senses. The French form is attached to common nouns, as in, for example, the words grotesque and statuesque, as well as to proper nouns such as Kafkaesque, denoting a style similar to an artistic oeuvre, or Chaplinesque, referring to one resembling that of a person or a persona. Note that the suffix is almost invariably closed, without a hyphen; the only exception I can think of is when the last letter of the root word is an e, as in Klee-esque. But the more important issue is to avoid impulsive creation of new appellations. Well-worn examples have earned their place by repetition based on widespread and lasting influence; a neologism like Snookiesque, for example, should be employed only with tongue in cheek. (And if you don’t recognize the basis of this coinage, such good fortune on your part demonstrates my point.) The simple appendage -like closed unless the preceding letter is a vowel or the root word is a proper noun will do. The Germanic equivalent -ish is used more prolifically and promiscuously; it can also indicate origin or classification (English), an inclination or disposition (bookish, impish), a degree or trace of some quality (blueish, darkish), or an approximation (fiftyish). Sometimes, it’s part of a standing term; for example, selfish, though it is a compound of self and ish, doesn’t carry an immediate association with the root word self. Like -esque, -ish is seldom attached to a root word with a hyphen. The adjectival suffix -ese also serves both common and proper nouns (academese, Japanese); the former usage invariably refers to a type of jargon and is usually pejorative, with a connotation of obtuseness or pretension, whereas the latter usage is neutral unless placed in a derogatory context. The form -ian signals disposition (contrarian), occupation (librarian), adherence to a philosophy (libertarian), or language or regional or national origin (Russian); the variation -an is common (vegan, publican, republican, Tuscan). Meanwhile, -ic indicates a characteristic (basic) or a linguistic, cultural, or other sociological category (Gothic). Two other forms, -hood (adulthood), and -ness (happiness), may be attached to proper nouns as well as common ones (Buddhahood, Englishness), but such exceptions are rare and in the case of capitalized terms ending in -ness are restricted to references to cultural identity. (One exception: Jocular references to someone embodying the essence of another person, as with Hasselfhoffness.) Many other adjectival suffixes, mostly meaning â€Å"state of,† exist, but they are seldom if ever associated with proper nouns. These forms include the following: -ability (reliability) -ia (nostalgia) -ibility (invisibility) -icity (electricity) -itas (gravitas) -itude (gratitude) -ity (gravity) -ose (morose) -osity (porosity) -ous (generous) -ship (hardship) -th (death) Which suffix to apply depends partly on the construction of the root word and partly on tradition. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs EnquireThe Letter "Z" Will Be Removed from the English AlphabetApostrophe with Plural Possessive Nouns

You decide the topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

You decide the topic - Essay Example However, later he took on the membership of this Cricket club known as Staten Island Cricket Club. The protagonist resides in the area of Manhattan with his wife and one child. At the beginning it was difficult for the man from Netherland to make any friends as all the people he could come around and meet up with had bust prior engagements and he was not able to connect or fill in with the people of the United States of America. He tried hard to get his drivers license that was an important part of his intermingling with the American people. He ultimately uses sport as a medium for intermingling with the people of the country. This has been the most important part of the book and the following part of the essay shall dwell into how a sport can help in eradicating politics and making friends with strangers. â€Å"The book’s second story line, and perhaps its more resonant one, is about the solace Hans finds in the vibrant subculture of cricket in New York, where he is among the few white men to be found on the hundreds of largely West Indian teams in the city, teams that fan out, in the hazy summertime, across scrabby, lesser-known public parks.† Apart from depicting the role of cricket in making friendship ties, the book focuses on the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks and the emotional burnout faced by the protagonist and his family, those who feared for their lives and those who thought that America is no longer a safe heaven as they once thought it was to be. In my opinion, the writer of the book has displayed impeccable tenacity by displaying two different situations and then bringing them together by a common thread with respect to the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks in the USA. The book is a masterpiece in the way it connects a sport to the politics of the country along with showcasing the emotional side of the person who, at the outset was a foreigner in the country, but was not treated like one by the

Google Documents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Google Documents - Essay Example It eliminates the need to e-mail documents to share with others and it can also be edited online by the shared users of the documents. The secured Google’s server is another great advantage of using the application and storing data without any worry of losing data due to hard disc crash or from virus attack (Electronic Portfolios, 2011). How to do things In order to use Google Documents the user need to have a Google Account. After logging into the system the user will be able to see the documents as show in the figure given below: Figure 1: Google Documents Window (Source: Mackenty, n.d. p. 2) The user will be able to create new documents; new spreadsheets and can also upload files from their own computer to the web database. Google docs are saved with tags which help to sort documents whenever needed by the user. Use of Google Documents Google Docs application can be used by any people ranging from students, coworkers or even for personal use like tracking daily works. Stude nts can use it to work in a collaborative manner for group projects. Teachers can use the application for keeping track of the grades and attendance or any data (Electronic Portfolios, 2011). Coworkers in an organization can use to share documents amongst themselves.

Masculinity and the Mythology of Cinematic heros Essay Example for Free

Masculinity and the Mythology of Cinematic heros Essay Gender roles have been a part of the social norm of society since the early existence of civilizations. These roles strictly incline to the two collective divisions of society known as males and females, thus, such gender roles are dubbed as masculinity and femininity. Masculinity is a term which refers to the characteristics attributed to the male populace of society, while femininity signifies qualities reflective to females (Devor, 58). Generally, masculinity is applied with the integration of dominance and pride, in this sense, masculinity for the longest time has been commonly associated with agression and superiority in various aspects of human capability (Devor, 58). In an aesthetic context, motion pictures particularly often incorporate the stereotypical domineering qualities of males in the element of character. Regardless if a role be a police officer, a cowboy, a superhero or an average individual, masculinity is always expressed in male Hollywood film characters, from Superman to Rambo to Terminator, the fundamentals of toughness, dominance and power are always the viewers heroes. Furthermore, machismo, in fact, seems to be the only reasonable and vital characteristic distinct to characters of major motion pictures. Contemporary filmmakers, conversely resshaped the cinematic interpretations of heros, this modern approach is considered to be an augmentation of masculinity since these heroes express more humane qualities, emotion and sensitivity while still poised with conventional toughness. The exemplification of such hybrid portrayal of masculinity is evident in Bruce Willis film Live Free or Die Hard. The motion picture Live Fast or Die Hard gives the hybrid depiction of a hero in John McClaines (Bruce Willis) persona. McClaines responsible yet femine character departs from the dogmatic and arrogant side of manliness. McClaines brawn elements, however, prove to be the only viable means to defeat his adversary, consequently, masculinity is portrayed to be valued and in turn advocates the ideology of male supremacy and patriarchy. The motion picture Live Free or Die Hard depicts John Mclaine at war with an internet based terrorist faction led by Thomas Gabriel (Timothy Olyphant). In erference to the films plot may urge a disturbing thought on the emasculation of the conventional cowboys stature in the American film industry. In this regard Live Free or Die Hard may address to this cultural ordeal as it serves as the contemporary guide on the retention of American ideas on the aforementioned character. The film begins with the establishment of the modern hybrid hero, where McClaine is shown as a veteran detective of the New York Police Department receiving a degrading treatment from non-ranking members. The principles of masculinity are epitomized by the law enforcing fathers over-protective nature results to a blatant display of masculinity when his daughter Lucy (Mary Elizabeth Winstead) is caught torridly kissing a guy in a car. The intimacy of the moment is interrupted when the young man tries to go to second base, McClaine then pry opens the door to apprehend the individual who is taking advantage of his daughter. McClaines knight-in-shining-armor routine, scares the male companion half dead as the latter is single-handedly pulled out of the vehicle. The subsequent scene bequeathes another panorama of the modern heros amlgamation. The supposed macho hero is then found chauffeuring a computer hacker, Matt Farrell (Justin Long) to Washington, a total contraband to the archetypal duty of a hero of saving such national nerds from national bullies. The total drift on the popular notion of heroism is not only on the supporting characters treatment of McClaine but on the plot as well, there are several conflicts in the film that only Farrell can resolve. It is also important to take notice of Farrells qualities; scrawny physique, rebellious attitude and in the fact that Farrell requires some saving every once in a while. There are, conversely, counter-villain moves that do not require the brain-bashing experties of McClaine, a very unorthodox execution of an action movie with an established character. Additionally, to add more insult to the injury of traditional masculine male heroes, Farrell gets to kill the last villain in the movie. The potential hybrid treatment of the hero is consequently transferred to the scrawny computer geek since he gets to battle the villains in the cyberworld, hence, this weak bodied geek gets to save the day. In this regard, the masculinity is now present in the person with the nerdy smarts.

The Express Essay -- Biography, Ernie Davis

The biography I chose was The Express: The Ernie Davis Story. Its about an inspirational and heroic African American Football player. Robert C. Gallagher wrote this book. Ernie Davis passed away when he was only 23 years old from leukemia. (Gallagher, 151). Even though his life was short he treated others with dignity grace and compassion. The life he led made him a hero. He was considered by professionals in his field to be one of the best running backs ever. He was most famous for being the first African American to win the Heisman trophy (Gallagher, 1). Davis was born, in New Salem, Pennsylvania on December 14, 1939 (Gallagher, 15). His parents were separated, and his father was killed in an auto accident before Davis was born. When Ernie was born his father was deceased and his mother struggled to raise Ernie. She found out that she could not take care of him on her own. When Ernie was about a year old his mother sent him to her parents home to live (Gallagher, 19). His grandparents, Willie and Elizabeth Davis had twelve children. Willie worked hard as a coal miner and Elizabeth was a homemaker who cared for the children. They raised all of the children including Ernie equally and with the same amount of love. Ernie called his grandparents mom and dad because he was treated just like their other children. He learned to be generous and appreciative by living in a big family. His grandparents also taught Ernie to have a strong trusting, relationship with God (Gallagher, 20). Ernie grew up playing with his older uncles. They spent a large amount of time together and he learned many great lessons about sports from them. When Ernie prepared to enter high school, his mother asked him to return to her. Ernie had a hard time ... ... and showed that he had less than a year to live (Gallagher, 124). Ernie went through chemotherapy and spent two months in and out of hospitals On October 4, 1962 his doctor finally explained the extent of his illness to him. He also told Davis he could continue to play football if his disease went into remission. Amazingly his leukemia went into remission. His coach made the difficult decision to keep him on the sidelines (Gallagher, 151). Ernie never complained about his sickness. He remained hopeful that he could beat the disease and refused any pity offered by others. He was always gracious and he never complained to the people who helped him. In the end after all his struggles, on May 18, 1963, Ernie Davis passed away (Gallagher, 124). 160 â€Å"Ernie was one of the finest football players, but more important the finest gentleman I’ve ever known†(Gallagher,167).

Nutrition †Fast food Essay

Many people eat fast foods because they are cheap, tasty, and convenient. But do people know what fast foods are made from? Is it healthy to eat fast foods everyday? Do fast food companies really fool their customers? In the essay â€Å"The Big Fat Case Against Big Macs,† Ellen Goodman doubts that the best lawyers can prove that fast food companies, like McDonald’s and Burger King, are the causes that make many people become overweight and have health problems, but they can prove that fast food companies fooled their consumers, especially young kids. For example, McDonald’s uses toys as attractions to make kids buy its meals. She also states that fast food companies put slogans to make kids think that eating their â€Å"Big Kids Meal† will make them grow up faster. She also doubts that fast foods have nothing to do with the health problems because why would McDonald’s in France take out an ad telling parents that kids should not eat more than one hamburger in a week. She believes that many people become overweight and have health problems not just because of the fast food companies. Instead of blaming fast food companies, people should blame their sedentary lifestyles. Many people think that fast food companies fooled their customers, young kids, by selling their meals that come with toys. Selling food with toys does not mean fooling people. Well, is there any law that forbids people from selling food with toys? That is how people do business; they just want to get more profits from selling food with toys. Fast food companies don’t force people to buy their products, it’s our own choice. If the toys are the reasons why kids keep buying the meals, why don’t just parents take their kids to toys stores and buy a toy there? We can’t say that fast food companies fooled kids. Well, maybe in some cases they do fool kids, like in the part where they put slogans on their meals that say: â€Å"Do you want to be a Big Kid ? † Kids don’t have any idea about fast foods. The first thing that comes to their minds is that they have to eat this foods to get big ,and kids will just keep eating this foods, while parents keep telling their kids to be strong and big. Fast foods are made from some ingredients that are not healthy. Believe it or not, eating a lot of fast foods is not good for our bodies. In fact many people believe that fast foods are usually high in fat, calories, and cholesterol, which can lead to health problems like high blood pressure, and heart disease. For example, a friend of mine likes to eat fast foods such as McDonald’s. He eats McDonald’s three times a week, and now he has a high blood pressure. He needs to check his blood pressure once a week, so that he can maintain it. Fast foods are not healthy, so try not to eat fast food as much as you can or you will regret it. Ellen Goodman believes that there is no different between eating fast foods and eating slow foods. In this case, slow foods mean foods that are good, clean, and fair. She is right about that. People will get fat from eating both, fast foods and slow foods, and she also thinks that many people become overweight not just because of the fast food companies. Once again, she is right about that. Many people usually blame fast food companies when they become overweight. But the truth is fast food companies don’t make people fat, we are the one who makes ourselves fat. Let’s take an example, how many people do you think will sit down and watch a television after they eat? Probably almost all of them right? Well, instead of sitting down and watch a television, they could walk at park to burn their calories. The point is people won’t get fat if they do a lot of exercises. There are a lot of bad rumors about fast foods, like fast foods are not healthy and can make people fat, and fast food companies fooled their customers. Maybe some of the rumors are true and some of them are false. For examples, it is true that fast foods are not healthy for our bodies and it is false that fast food companies fooled their customers. As the conclusion, there are both good sides and bad sides about fast foods.

Acetate department Essay

1) What were the objectives of the production reorganization at Acetate? The main objective of the production reorganization at Acetate Department was to improve production capacity, to increase productivity. 2) Why do you think the objectives of the reorganization were not realized, even though no employees lost their jobs, and salaries were increased? Even though no employees lost their jobs and salaries were increased, we can note that the productivity of the output productions of the company faced a colossal slowdown in the several months after the construction of work and technical training were completed. 3) Would the company have been better served leaving the production system as it was ? Yes, because if the company didn’t change the organizational structure of the Acetate Department, the firm would not be facing losses as a result of the mistakes made by some of the operators. 4) Imagine you were hired as an external management consultant to come up with a plan to address the problems at Acetate. How would you go about developing a strategy, and what would that strategy involve? Production was almost identical under the old technology, absenteeism had increased markedly, and several judgemental errors by operators had resulted in substancial losses. The principal reason for these is the lack of motivation, as work in this department became a routine for the employees. Even though no one was dismissed, the workforce in the department was reduced. Working became boring, and the department was not a pleasant place in which to work anymore for them. The Acetate Department was completely

us history Essay

us history Essay us history Essay #1. American life in the 1790’s American Society only white male landowners can participate in politics no rights for women Native Americans can’t participate in politics because they’re not citizens most African-Americans are slaves on Southern plantations Economic Conditions state and national government are in debt from the war Political changes under the new Constitution Congress passes the Judiciary Act of 1789 to create a federal court system Bill of Rights added to the Constitution to guarantee civil liberties Washington uses a Cabinet of advisors to help him govern #2. Alexander Hamilton’s Economic plan state debt assumption: national government will bail out the states by covering their debt protective tariffs to help manufacturers against British competitors whiskey tax national bank (Bank of the U.S.) #3. The Two-party system forms due to disagreements between Jefferson and Hamilton Alexander Hamilton wants the U.S. to become a nation of business and manufacturing Thomas Jefferson wants the U.S. to continue to be a rural society of independent farmers #4. Federalists Democratic Republicans Alexander Hamilton Favor strong central government Loose interpretation of the Constitution to give government more powers Supported by Northern business pro-British in foreign policy Thomas Jefferson Favor states’ rights Strict interpretation of the Constitution to limit government Supported by southern and western farmers pro-French in foreign policy #5. 1794 Whiskey Rebellion- farmers rebel against the Whiskey tax George Washington leads troops to put down the rebellion, proving that the national government will effectively enforce the law and keep order #6. U.S. Foreign Policy during the Federalist Period GOAL: stay out of foreign wars, avoid alliances POLICY: Neutrality ex. Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) Washington’s Farewell Address to the Nation Major Issues†¦ #7 British forts on American soil threaten U.S. sovereignty Jay Treaty (1794) made with Britain to avoid war #8. †¦farmers in the west need access to the Mississippi River Pickney Treaty (1795) made with Spain gives western farmers the right to use the Mississippi River and deposit their goods at ports in New Orleans #9. †¦conflict with American Indian tribes Indian tribes are pushed out as American settlement expands westward; leaders like Tecumseh try to stop American settlers from taking their lands Treaty of Greenville (1796) opens Ohio to white settlement The Adams Presidency (1797-1801) #10. †¦problems with France XYZ Affair- damages U.S. relations with France and results in an undeclared naval war with France #11. Federalists try to silence Democratic-Republican opposition Alien and Sedition Acts passed to prevent immigrants from becoming citizens and silence protests by Democratic-Republicans against the government #12. States’ Rights v. Federal Power Thomas Jefferson and James Madison write the Virginia & Kentucky Resolves to protest the unconstitutionality of the Alien & Sedition Acts. Virginia & Kentucky Resolves declare that states have the right to nullify the Alien & Sedition Acts because they are unconstitutional nullification: the right of a state to cancel or overturn an unconstitutional act passed by Congress #13. The Election of 1800- Republicans win both houses of Congress and Thomas Jefferson is elected President first election in American history where the party in power (Federalists) is voted out of office #14. Marbury v. Madison (1803) Supreme Court establishes principle of judicial review†¦power to decide what us history essay us history essay Political Social and Economic Changes from 1941 to 1989 The United States went through many internal economic, political and social changes between 1941 and 1989. The changes that occurred during this time had just as significant effects on the United States as any other time in U.S. history. The changes that occurred did so during five time frames which included three actual wars which included World War II, Korea, and Vietnam. One war based on mistrust and ideology known as the Cold War never included any combat operations but, did have a great impact on the U.S. internally. The period of time between 1941 and 1945 had a significant impact on the economic and social ideals in the U.S. especially having just went through the Great Depression. The American economy was kick started by the involvement of the U.S. in World War II. The American industrial complex kicked into high gear to support the war effort but the government did not want to see inflation hurt the war effort so it created the Office of Price Administration to control inflation so people would buy war bonds to finance the war effort. The other way that took a bite out of inflation was the new payroll tax that also helped the government fund the war effort. The economic impact in the Sunbelt area of the U.S. was also being felt with those states wanting more factories and military bases built there so they might share in the growing war economy. The social impact of World War II was also being fueled by the need for labor. Just as in World War I the factories need workers to build the eq uipment needed by the military. Women once again left the home and entered the work force that was dominated by men prior to the war but also just as important was the fact that ethnic minorities were entering the workforce. At the end of the war you saw these minorities staying in the cities the civil rights movement was accelerated and the Supreme Court forced states to allow Native Americans to vote. From 1946 to 1952 was a curious time in America because of the end of World War II. The U.S. economy after the war was in adjustment from a war time production to a consumer based production and there were two laws passed to try and control it. The first law passed by liberals was designed to fine-tune the government tax and spending. The Employment act of 1946 was designed to fight at problem that never would exist with people having savings from war bonds and women leaving the workforce outright. The Taft-Hardy act introduced by conservatives was designed to control the unions that many middle class believed needed to be curbed. In 1946 the republicans gained control of congress helped by the economic policies of the democrats in congress. Socially African Americans were still fighting for full rights as citizens their right to vote and still faced violence in the south. There was a commission formed by the Truman administration to develop an agenda for racial justice. In a victory for all minorities the Supreme Court ruled that you could not refuse to rent or sell real estate to minorities. President Truman also ordered the â€Å"equality of treatment and opportunity† in the military and Jackie Robinson broke color barriers by being the first Black American to play major league baseball. During this time most Americans moved to the political center wanting to enjoy life. The president recognizing the feelings of many Americans moved to lead from the center. The republicans though gained control of congress for the first time since the 1920’s and President Truman won re-election in 1948. The time between 1953 and 1989 the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States was at full speed. The economic, political, and social events that took place during this time had long lasting and important effects with-in the U.S. The Politics of this time were kicked off by President Eisenhower who was beloved and admired by both Republicans and Democrats.

How To Make A Living Blogging

How To Make A Living Blogging Ah, the blogging dream. You, in a coffee shop or sitting on a beach, earning an income. You discovered how to make a living blogging and its smooth travel from here on out. Whoa, now.  Lets slow down and think things through. You might not be able to spend the rest of your life tapping out blog posts on your laptop swinging in a hammock as the sun sets behind palm trees, but you can still make a living blogging on more realistic terms. Make A Living Blogging, Without The Myths I bet youve heard a few myths about how to make a living blogging and instead of thinking about those bogus promises rationally, youve adopted them as truth. Thats a bad move to make if youre going to quit your day job and bank on blogging. What are the myths you often hear? The most important thing to do is to just start. How many times do you hear the advice to just get started or something about the longest journey begins with the first step? The most important thing to do is not to just start. Its to have a plan on what youre going to do before you start. There are so many things to consider before you sink time into a blog or freelance career.  What are you going to write about? Will you have a niche blog? Will you write for other blogs? How will you monetize your blog? Will you have ads?  Will you have a product or service to sell? How much income do you need? Will you need a part-time job? You have to start, but perhaps you should start blogging before you quit your day job. Get a feel for it. And, more importantly, make some serious plans. Figure out what youre going to do before you make the leap. Do some research.  Ask tough questions and provide honest answers, and then start. Start knowing where youre headed. Even if your direction changes, you didnt start out by wandering around, lost. Working for myself will be much easier than working for someone else. Making a living as a freelance writer and blogger isnt easy. This isnt a story of you not working for the man, and sleeping in until noon every day, wandering over to your computer and tapping out a few thousand words before taking a nap. Its not like a regular job; you cant clock in and clock out. Blogging Myth: Working for myself will be much easier than working for someone else.Freelance writing and blogging means you have to have discipline to self-start and make the chase every morning. It means you will need to get a handle on what to charge as a freelance writer and blogger. You cant undersell yourself with your own pricing structure. It means working directly with clients; no more hiding behind the company or policies. It means organization, the best tools, and learning how to work when you dont feel like it. It means you will still be taking ordersnot from your boss, but from your client. In effect, you might be working twice as hard for every dollar you make. Thats not a bad thing. There are lots of benefits in working for yourself, but easier isnt one of them. I have to have a hugely successful personal blog or it wont work. As youll read below, huge amounts of traffic on your own blog are only one small way you can make a living as a blogger. You do not have to have a blog with massive amounts of traffic unless you plan to fund a winter home in the Bahamas solely off of ad clicks from traffic. Be honest. That kind of outcome happens to very few writers and bloggers, mainly the ones telling you they did it and getting traffic and clicks from bloggers like you who want to figure out what they did. Thats a pyramid, and not everyone is at the top. Traffic is important, particularly if youre selling a product or using ads or affiliates for income, but not everyone needs a million hits a month to still make a decent living off of their blogging. Just tell me the formula and Ill go do it. Making a living blogging is, sorry to say, without a clear formula. What works for one blogger wont work for another. What works in one niche wont work for another. What works in one year wont work the next. Trends change, blogging changes, available tools changethere is no one-size-fits all formula for success. This is what you dont want to hear, butfind what works for you. This comes about with trial and error experience. Its not usually fun. Be cautious when reading about a sure-fire way to make money on a blog, because theres no guarantee that will work for you. I only want to blog on my blog. Dont put all of your income eggs in one basket. It will take time to make your own blog an income-generating behemoth (if ever). It is foolish to restrict your blogging to one income source only. Find many ways to make a living blogging so that you are on secure ground should something change. When you are new and starting out, you dont have the luxury of being a purist (unless you have a trust fund to live off of). Make A Living Blogging On Your Blog Ideally, youll make a living off of your own blog property, where you call the shots. Your blog is about more than personal writing freedom, though.  If you dont love your own writing, youre going to have a hard sell making your clients love the writing you do for them. Your blog just happens to be the perfect place to find your voice, figure out blogging, and learn to love your writing. You Need More Than Great Writing If You Need Significant Traffic Great writing isnt all that youll need. What do you think of when someone talks about making money off of their blog? You think ads and affiliates.  For ad revenue or affiliate links to really work, you are going to have to build serious traffic. And, even then, youll likely need other sources of income from your writing or even a side job. How do you build that traffic? Build traffic to your site by participating.  Commenting on other blogs and participating in social media networks and groups is vital to building traffic to your own blog. Take marketing strategy seriously. Weve talked about several methods of marketing that are both creative and powerful when it comes to bringing traffic to your site. Whatever method you choose for your blog, take it seriously and dont leave marketing your own blog up to chance. Write regularly. Were big cheerleaders for regular, planned content using a tool like an editorial calendar to make certain it happens. Write so search engines and readers have something new to read whenever they visit. Learn about search engine optimization (SEO). Learn all you can about what good SEO requires, and take the steps to make it happen. Get the plugins, do the research, do the writing. Be patient. Guest blogging. Writing on others blogs is a great way to tap into their audience and introduce yourself to new people. Find blogs you enjoy reading and would be able to write great content for. There are many websites that  list reputable companies  that offer ad campaigns and services, but youll likely have to show you have significant traffic. If that is the route you wish to go, do your research well and choose a company with a good reputation for both payout and privacy. Ad Revenue Isnt The Only Option But maybe that isnt the route you want to go. Maybe you dont want ads on your site.  Dont forget what else your blog has to offer, besides the potential for ad revenue: Your blog is your proof. Its a resume, its samples of writing, its proof to clients that you know what youre doing and have the experience. Its your writing portfolio. Your blog is a publishing house. It is a way to generate income off of your writing from ebooks, self-published books, and magazines. You can create written content, fiction and non-fiction, that others might enjoy reading and would pay money for. Your blog is your brand. This is where you run your PR from, your updates, your news, and where you create that unique online personality. Your blog is a place to offer subscription content. Depending upon your niche, your audience, and the level of expertise in the content you share, you could offer paid memberships to portions of your blog. People will pay to get regular access to your site as long as you keep the content high quality, publish frequently, and offer something unique they cant find elsewhere. Your blog is a chance for affiliate links. Writing reviews or other blog posts that allow you to include links to affiliate sites is another way for you to earn extra cash from your blog. While you might not get rich right off the bat, it is extra income. A niche blog is particularly good for affiliate links. Your blog is the home base for your product or service. Having a product or service that you sell on your blog is a fine way to create steady income and build a business. It should fit well with the niche your blog is in. It might be paper or ebooks, coaching services, an app, a WordPress plugin, T-Shirts–anything. Dont overlook the power of your own blog when you think about making a living as a freelance writer and blogger, but dont let that be where you stop your efforts to make a living blogging. Your blog is your home base, but writing is your skill. That skill is portable. Make A Living Blogging On Other Blogs Writing for other blogs can go beyond guest blogging without pay. There are some blogs that will pay you for content, just as any other freelance client would. The trick is finding blogs that will pay you for your writing. This doesnt happen by accident. Block out time to find blogs that will pay you to write for them.   Rather than a hit-and-miss approach of saving bookmarks as you find them, create a list of search terms and make an effort to block out time to find a place to blog. Whether you use a spreadsheet or an organizing app, sift through the resources and note where, what, and how they want you to write for them. Save the links, decide which blogs youll write for, which ones pay and which ones are unpaid guest blogging. In other words, be purposeful about finding blogs that pay just as you would any other paying client, and organize your results so that you can organize your plan of attack. Get in the habit of being paid. It should be obvious that if you dont get paid in a timely manner, you should not write more posts until you do get payment. Youve agreed on a set amount before you start? Then thats what you should receive. Some blogs might offer their writers a percentage of the ad revenue, or other payment options. Know what you need, and dont let the myth of its good exposure convince you to let slide a previous agreement of payment. Make A Living Blogging As A Ghost Blogger Ghost blogging is controversial. Its the practice of being paid to write blog posts for another blog without receiving any recognition or rights to your work. Payment varies, from as low as $20/600 words and up. Once youve submitted the post and received payment, your writing is out of your hands and youre done with it. You will likely find more paid ghost blogging opportunities than you will paid blogging opportunities. Most people who ghost blog dont make a big public announcement about doing it. Its a controversial practice, and if you do an online search on ghost blogging, youll get a slew of popular bloggers decrying the practice for its lack of authenticity, claiming that it hurts other writers and bloggers, and that it cheats the reader. Such claims have elements of truth to them, perhaps, but sometimes impending bills and payments speak louder than a call to authenticity.  You have to make your own decision on whether or not youre comfortable writing for another blog without receiving credit. The Reality Of Ghost Blogging If youre ready to try your hand at ghost blogging there are a few things you should know. Though getting paid for your writing is a good feeling, there are aspects to ghost blogging that you will need to come to terms with before diving in. You dont always get to write about the things you love. You may luck out and be able to find blogs to write for that cover topics you enjoy talking about, or are an expert at. Chances are pretty good, though, that youll find yourself writing about things you didnt give much thought to, you cant believe anyone would read, or you have zero interest in. For example, are you ready to write about choosing the perfect houseplant, or how to take care of goldfish? (Sometimes youre relieved your name isnt associated with the post.) Thats ghost blogging. This means youll need to come up with a system that makes sure you get your work done. You cant miss a deadline. You will have to force yourself to write on things that arent fun, you will have to do research that takes up time, and you will have to deal with feedback from the client you may not agree with. Its not all that different from other forms of freelance writing except one thing: your name isnt on it.

TEXTBOOK CJ2012 FAGIN-Select 5 of the following Essay

TEXTBOOK CJ2012 FAGIN-Select 5 of the following - Essay Example Thus, the concept of general deterrence is based on the premise that the fear of punishment will act as a deterrent for people from committing crimes. Besides, deterrence also relies on the idea that the punishment awarded to a person who commits a crime discourages others from committing a crime. On the other hand, specific deterrence, also known as special deterrence focuses on the principle of avoiding recidivism by the criminal. Thus, the punishment awarded for the crime is specific to the person who commits the crime. Specific deterrence further encompasses the tenet that the harsher the punishment is, the lesser is the chance of the offender to recidivate. Thus, the theory of specific deterrence attempts to prevent crimes by inflicting a specific punishment on the offender to remove in the tendency in him or her to commit such offences in the future. This will also serve as a warning to others so that they also will not commit such crimes. Determinate Sentencing and Indetermina te Sentencing The Bureau of Justice Assistance, US Department of Justice, defines determinate sentencing as â€Å"sentences of incarceration in which an offender is given a fixed term that may be reduced by fixed time or earned time† (National Assessment of Structured Sentencing xi). On the other hand, indeterminate sentencing is â€Å"sentences in which an administrative agency, generally a parole board, has the authority to release an offender and determine whether an offender’s parole will be revoked for violations of the conditions of release† (xi). The system of indeterminate sentencing has several inherent problems such as offering discretion to jail authorities and parole officers the time of stay of an offender under the sentence and the length of sentencing tended to depend on individual criminals and not on the crimes. On the other hand, determinate sentencing, a system introduced after the â€Å"sentencing reforms of the late 1970s† replaced th e parole release concept with a â€Å"fixed (flat) sentence that could be reduced by a significant good time provision† (14). Thus, convicts under the determinate system are mandated for a specific period of incarceration as opposed to indeterminate sentencing where they were released on parole. Determinate sentencing relies on just deserts concepts rooted in the â€Å"utilitarian or crime control model† and the length of incarceration depends on the gravity of crime 915). Thus, the concept of determinate sentencing encompasses a mandatory minimum incarceration, depending on the offence committed, whereas indeterminate system involves release of the convict on parole, without having to under a prison sentence. The Difference between Legal Insanity and Incompetence to Stand Trial The criminal justice system takes into the account the mental competency of an offender, at the time of committing a crime, before awarding a punishment to him or her to determine whether the p erson has been mentally competent to understand the consequences of his or her action. Thus, courts reserve the right to declare an offender â€Å"not guilty by reason of insanity if at the time of the offence, because of a mental disease or defect, he or she did not understand the nature, character, and consequence of the act, was unable to distinguish right from wrong† (Warren et al 381). On the other hand, a person can be considered for acquittal on the grounds of his lack of â€Å"

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 18

History - Essay Example Death because the bubonic strain is typified by â€Å"large, inflamed lymph nodes around the neck, groin and armpits† that would turn black with the progression of the disease (Hayden, â€Å"History of The Black Death†). The spread of the disease was fast and crossed countries and continents within months as rat fleas feeding on infected black rats, causing the fleas to hunger for more sources of blood, were transported through ships that sailed from the East to the West (Hayden, â€Å"History of The Black Death†). Combined with the unsanitary conditions of the cities back then and contagion became inevitable. â€Å"The violence of this disease was such that the sick communicated it to the healthy who came near them, just as a fire catches anything dry or oily near it† (â€Å"The Black Death, 1348†). This was evidenced by black flags that were hung on villages and towns that were infected by the plague; almost everywhere these black flags were seen flying in the air (Butler, â€Å"The Black Death and its Impact (c.1300-1450)†). The rapid devastation of village and city populations created an aura of doom and fear—experiences that were never forgotten and gotten over with. Entire families died; survivors did not even have time to mourn their loved ones as the fear of contacting the disease was all-consuming (Holmes 249). People were forced to throw their loved ones in mass graves of ditches without a proper burial ceremony and even a hastened prayer (Holmes 249; James, â€Å"Black Death: The lasting impact†). â€Å"And there were those who had been so poorly covered with earth that dogs dragged them from there and through the city and fed on corpses† (qtd. in Holmes 249). Experiences like this are etched into the memory of the people and has inadvertently affected the psyche and morale of not only the individual, but of populations worldwide. This has resulted to a change in the way of living, especially for the peasants who were affected greatly as they did not have the

Unit 5 Case Project Questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 5 Case Project Questions - Coursework Example The EIGRP is on average 90, while OSPF has a larger distance scale and is 110. Load balancing is one of the option and function that is relatively common between these two. The link state nature and support of OSPF over the EIGRP which supports distant vector protocol also amounts to one of the major difference between the two protocols used in communication systems and networks (Syngress, 2001, p 38). With the given facts and information based detailed, it can be evaluated that OSPF may be preferred over EIGRP on the account of fact that is more flexible and supportive towards the large scaled networks. The option of ease of network is another area which it will enable if implemented in the large scaled networks. The non reliance on the CISCO hardware is another plus and all these options and factors should be taken into account with regard to the decision making between EIGRP and

Performance Appraisal Methods On Psychological Contract Management Essay

Performance Appraisal Methods On Psychological Contract Management Essay The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the impact of performance appraisal methods on psychological contract between employer and employee in UK retail sector ( Iceland food ltd. ). The author will attempt to achieve this by focusing on importance of performance appraisal methods in improving motivation and performance of the employees and by ascertaining whether there is clear understanding of the term of psychological contract involved in performance appraisal meeting. The UK retail market is set to increase in size by 15% over the next five years, taking its value to just over  £312bn (UK Retail Futures 2011: Sector Summary, Data monitor). However this represents a slowing down of annual growth and with operating costs and the cost of credit set to rise, the retail sector faces challenging times. The retail culture is commercially driven and as such there is pressure to perform. Working in retail is hard work and the dynamic nature of the business requires a flexible attitude. Working in a shop is very likely to involve working weekends and late nights. Work-life balance could be a very significant issue for an industry that traditionally has an image of long or antisocial working hours. The retail industry employs over 3 million people (data collected March 08). This equates to 11% of the total UK workforce (UK Retail Futures 2011: Sector Summary, Data monitor). Almost 8% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the UK is generated by the retail sector. UK retail sales were approximately  £265 billion in 2007, which is larger than the combined economies of Denmark and Portugal (UK Retail Futures 2011: Sector Summary, Data monitor). The retail industry and the jobs within it are susceptible to economic and consumer trends. Today, most organisations on the major basis have some kind of performance appraisal system in place. A study conducted by Hirsh (2006) found that only a third of the HR professionals felt that the established appraisal methods have achieved theirs objectives and that most appraised exercises could not really had helped organisations to improve their performance (Hirsh, 2006 as quoted within Fletcher, 2008 p.1). Indeed, appraisal has become an emotive word because it is either done poorly or partly as the organisations keep on ignoring the values of the performance appraisal, thereby affecting the psychological contract of the individual. There are many indicators of a traumatized psychological contract; this can later be attributed to poor performance appraisal methods. Such indicators include; high turnover, low motivation, low job satisfaction (Hiltrop, 1995). According to Fletcher (2008), The unpopularity of using performance appraisal methods can be clearly seen as most organisations use the same process with different titles such as Performance Reviews, Work Planning and Review and many others. Iceland food ltd. follow this rule as the appraisal methods in place are described. Statement of Purpose The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the impact of performance appraisal methods used on psychological contract between the employer and employee. With an aim of examining the efficiency of the techniques used to perform the appraisal system in place. The importance of the appraisal system within Iceland food ltd. will also be established. This will be initially achieved by investigating the importance of performance appraisal methods in improving the motivation and performance of the employees, and by ascertaining whether there is clear understanding of the terms of psychological contract involved in the performance appraisal meetings. It will be important to understand how these performance appraisal methods are being evaluated. The secondary research conducted on this topic, made use of a number of academic journals, articles and books related to the subject to monitor performance of appraisal techniques. The data collection procedure involves a quantitative questionnaire issued to the employees of Icelands, and a series of semi structured qualitative interviews. 1.2 The Importance of the Study The importance of the study is to understand the effect of performance appraisal on the psychological contract of the individual employee working in the retail food super stores. The method and the aim of the appraisal process is vital in giving training, motivation, confidence and job satisfaction to the employee as well as the rewards they get out of pay review. The author endeavours to find out what are the elements of the psychological contract of employee working in the retail food industry and whether or not it is affected by good or bad appraisal system used by the organisation. The primary research is conducted on the employees of the retail store to get the exact scenario of their present working conditions and their psychological contract with a focus on the performance review policy of the organisation. 1.3 Background of the company Investigated. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ so thats why mums go to Iceland! Iceland began business in 1970, when Malcolm Walker opened the first store in Oswestry, Shropshire with his business partners Peter Hinchcliffe, Colin Harris, Thomas Duffin and John Apthorp investing  £30 each. This was for only one months rent at their Shropshire store. They were all still employees of Woolworths at the time, and their employment was terminated once their employer discovered their job on the side. Iceland initially specialized in loose frozen food. By 1975, there were 15+ Iceland outlets in North Wales, with the first supermarket-style outlet opening in Manchester a couple of years later. The firms head office moved to Deeside, Flintshire in 1979. Iceland was floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1984, by which stage it had 81 outlets. In 1989 Iceland bought its competitor Bejam which was some three times larger in terms of business. By January 2004, the combined chain had 760 stores throughout the United Kingdom. Finding the retail market more hostile in the late 1990s, Iceland pursued avenues for differentiation. In 1998, the firm began to focus on providing organic food and genetically modified-free food. This policy saw the company convert its entire frozen vegetable range to organic in 2000. In 1999, Iceland launched what it claimed to be the first nationwide, free, online grocery shopping service. This tied in with the rebranding of all outlets under the Iceland.co.uk. However, the rebranding exercise appears to have been quietly abandoned in the early 2000s, as the unadorned Iceland name is now used more widely, although some stores still have the Iceland.co.uk name on display. Iceland was renamed the Big Food Group in Feb 2002, and attempted a refocus on the convenience sector with a bid for Londis. Grimsey remained until the takeover and demerger of the Big Food Group by a consortium led by the Icelandic company, Baugur Group in February 2005. Since Malcolm Walkers return to the company, Iceland has reduced the workforce by 500 jobs at the Deeside Head Office, with approximately 300 jobs moved in September as a result of a relocation of a distribution warehouse from Deeside to Warrington. During July 2006, 300 workers took industrial action with the support of their union, blocking several Lorries from entering the depot. Despite this, the transfer to Warrington took place and the new warehouse was later outsourced to DHL in April 2007. In January 2009, Iceland announced that it would buy 51 stores in the UK from the failed Woolworths Group chain; three days after the final 200 Woolworths stores closed their doors for the last time. In April 2009, Iceland announced plans to close its appliance showrooms by September 2009 to concentrate on food retailing. Icelands sales for the year ended 27 March 2009 were  £2.08 billion, a 16% increase on the previous year, with net profits of  £113.7 million. Iceland is a successful and growing business, and to maintain our momentum we want to help all our people to fulfil their ambitions and realise their potential.   We take pride in our training and development, and our 2009 staff survey showed that 87% of our employees considered that they had all the training they needed to do their job well.   In addition to paying close attention to the results of these regular surveys, we conduct individual performance reviews designed to identify strengths, ambition and potential, and are strongly committed to providing opportunities for those who wish to develop their careers within Iceland.   Over 60% of our store managers have attained their positions through internal promotion. Currently Iceland is having over 750 stores through out the UK. And more than 18000 employees work within Iceland food ltd. Iceland have employees hand book that is handed over to the employees during the induction. This employees handbook is basically designed for the frontline staffs, which includes the entire details of the induction procedure, probationary period, performance appraisal, disciplinary, dress policy, dignity at work and grievance procedures and other important elements of the contract. The entire information on the Icelands was known to the author with the help of store manager of the Iceland food ltd. And from the Iceland food ltd website and staff hand book. AIM The aim of the research is to investigate the effectiveness of appraisal method on the psychological contract between the employer and employee. Objectives To examine the concept and theories related to psychological contract. To examine the concept and theories related to performance appraisal. To describe and compare performance appraisal methods used by Iceland food ltd. To critically analyse the effect of performance appraisal method on psychological contract. 1.6 Overview of the Study The dissertation will be presented in a series of the following chapters. Brief description of each chapter is written below with a diagrammatic representation (Figure 1.0 and Table 1.0 Overview of the study). Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Literature Review Chapter 3 Methodology Chapter 4 Results Chapter 6 Conclusion and Recommendation Introduction: This chapter gives the introduction to the study, covering the aim and objectives of the study. It includes the statement of purpose and the background of the company investigated. Literature Review: This chapter provides the critical analysis of all the secondary research conducted by the author on the performance appraisal, psychological contract followed by the discussion of the effects of former on latter. Methodology: This chapter explains the research aim and the research process undertaken by the author to fulfil the research questions outlined in previous chapter. It also includes the primary method conducted by the author to gather the research data. Results: This chapter includes the findings of the primary research conducted by the author. It also includes the charts and graphs that explain the findings of the research. Discussion and Analyses: This chapter includes analyses of the finding of the primary research. It also includes the comments of the interviews as well as analyse the outcome of the survey conducted by the author. Conclusion and Recommendation: This is the final chapter of the study which will give a synopsis of all the findings and cross refer it with the objectives stated in the initial chapter. It will also offer the recommendations for further research. Chapter 5 Discussion and Analyses CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction A literature review as defined by Fink (2005:3) is a systematic, explicit and reproducible method for identifying, evaluating and synthesising the existing body of completed and recorded work produced by researchers, scholars and practitioners (Fink 2005, p.3) AIM The aim of the research is to investigate the effectiveness of appraisal method on the psychological contract between the employer and employee. Objectives To examine the concept and theories related to psychological contract. To examine the concept and theories related to performance appraisal. To describe and compare performance appraisal methods used by Iceland food ltd. To critically analyse the effect of performance appraisal method on psychological contract. To draw conclusion and make recommendation about the effectiveness performance appraisal method on the employees of Iceland food ltd. This section therefore, attempts to review some related literature relevant to this study. Moreover this literature review seeks to justify the uniqueness of this study in the light of the works of other known scholars in the field of performance assessment strategies on the psychological contract, focusing on the performance appraisal method used by Iceland food ltd, U.K. This section is arranged into themes in line with the research objectives and questions outlined in the preceding chapter. The review will begin with the purpose of the psychological contract and the appraisal method, followed by the different types of the appraisal methods. Then the performance appraisal method used by the Iceland food ltd U.K. will be critically reviewed and how the performance appraisal affect the psychological contract between the employer and employee will be discussed. Lastly the advantages and limitations of this factor and the importance of this study will be presented. In addition, a recent view is of Conway and Briner where they define : What Psychological Contract is ? To examine the concept of the psychological contract, a review of existing definitions and research needs to be assessed. Origins of the term psychological contract derived from Argyris in the 1960s who referred to it as the implicit understanding between a group of employees and their foreman, while Schein in 1965 further developed the concept focussing on the high level relationship between the employee and the organisation (Wellin 2007). Furthermore, Kotter in 1973 (as quoted within Roehling 1997) described the psychological contract as, an implicit contract between an individual and his organisation which specifies what each expects to give and receive from each other in their relationship. (Kotter as quoted within Roehling 1997 p.210) psychological contract as, the perceptions of the two parties, employee and employer, of what their mutual obligations are towards each other (Conway and Briner (2005) as quoted within CIPD 2009) However, Rousseau (1995) (as quoted in Guerrero and Herrbach 2007) believes that the psychological contract is formulated in the minds of the employees, individual beliefs, shaped by the organisation, regarding terms of an exchange agreement between individuals and their organisation. (Rousseau (1995) as quoted within Guerrero and Herrbach 2007 p.4) Taking all that into consideration, the nature of the psychological contract can be seen as the implicit unwritten expectations and beliefs that one holds in relation to their employment relationship. These contracts can be highly subjective and what makes them binding is what they are perceived to be (Hughes and Palmer 2007). Conway and Briner (2002) state that the beliefs refer to employee perceptions of the explicit and implicit promises regarding the exchange of the employee contributions such as effort, ability and loyalty for organisational inducements such as pay, promotion and security. Moreover, Bloisi, Cook and Hunsaker (2003) supports this statement by stipulating that workers are expected to input their skills, time, effort, commitment and loyalty to the organisation in return of wages, benefits, job security, opportunity to progress their achievement, power, status and affiliations. Witte et al. (2008) clarifies further that the idea of balance is key to these mutual exchanges within this dynamic and informal contract so that the employee feels that what is offered by the organisation balances what the individual brings to the relationship. Perceived imbalance could consequently result in the perception of contract violation. The CIPD (2005) highlighted a simplified Guest model (1996) of the p sychological contract as illustrated in Figure 2.1. The influencing factors that feed into the contract include the human resource practices, organisational content and the individual characteristics of the employee. The psychological contract content can be measured in terms of fairness of treatment, trust, and the amount of which the implicit deal or contract is perceived as being delivered in reflection of a set of obligations or some sort of exchange (Guest 1996). The outcomes as a result of the content of the contract are the employee attitudes and behaviours. The CIPD (2005) found that employees attitudes of trust, fairness and delivery of the deal are major determents to gaining a psychological contract which creates employee commitment and satisfaction. Robinson (1996) (as quoted within Bosch-Sjtsema 2007) claimed that expectations are often shaped by past experience, social norms and observations that are influencing factors to the contract. It was also asserted by Rousseau (2001) that these promise based psychological contracts take the form of a mental model or schema over time. She found that an employees pre-employment experiences, recruiting practices within the company and on the job socialisation as influencing factors to the formation of these schemas which may differ the content or form that an individuals psychological contract takes. 2.1 The Purpose of Psychological Contract According to Bloisi et al., (2003; p.123) the psychological contract is considered as workers implicit expectations about what they are expected to contribute to an organisation and what they will receive in return (Bloisi et al., 2003 p. 123) In a similar way Schein (1965) defined that The notion of a psychological contract implies that there is an unwritten set of expectations operating at all times between every member of an organisation and the various managers and others in that organisation (Schein 1965 as quoted within Armstrong 2003, p 297). According to Hiltrop (1995), it has been noticed there is a significant rate of change of the economic environment in which the organisations work during the last twenty years. Increasing competition, globalisation of markets has demanded greater flexibility and productivity of organisations, as well as new strategies focused on innovation and speed. In the psychological contract the perceived responsibility of an organization influenced by employees expectation ( Cheong Kim 2009). As a result, the terms of old psychological contract has changed radically which earlier gave security, stability and predictability to the relationship between employer and employee (Hiltrop, 1995 p. 286 287). Moreover, the above definition stated by Schein (1965) was amplified by Rousseau and Wade-Benzoni (1994) who stated that Psychological contracts refer to beliefs that individuals hold regarding promises made, accepted and relied upon themselves and another. (In case of organisations, these parties include an employee, client, manager, and/or organisation as a whole.) Because psychological contracts represent how people interpret promises and commitments, both parties in the same employment relationship (employer and employee) can have different views regarding specific terms. (Rousseau and Wade-Benzoni, 1994 p. 463-89) Guest and Conway (1998) summarise stating that since the psychological contract is not written down formally it lacks the characteristics of the formal contract due to which it has no beginning and no end and which is why it cannot be enforced in a court or a tribunal. Guest and Conway (1998) also believe that: The psychological contract is best seen as a metaphor; a word or a phrase borrowed from another context which help us make sense of our experience. The psychological contract is a way of interpreting the state of the employment relationship and helping to plot significant changes (Guest and Conway, 1998 as quoted in Armstrong, 2003 p. 298). 2.1.1 The importance of Psychological Contract The importance of the psychological contract was emphasized by Schein (1965) suggests that the extent to which people work effectively and are committed to the organisation depends on the degree to which their own expectation of what the organisation will provide them and in return what the organisation expects of them; and the nature of what actually is exchanged for example, money in exchange for time at work, security in exchange for hard work and loyalty, and various combinations of other things (Schein, 1965 as quoted within Armstrong, 2003, p 299). The HR profession will have significant role to play in the management and balancing of the general or specific psychological contracts of employees. The HR function can act as a focal point for helping to discover employees expectations through collective channels or individual mechanisms, while seeking to provide for the meeting of employees expectations (e.g. Sims, 1994) (Holden and Breadwell, 2001 p. 546). The HR professionals must make sure that different facets of human resource management and the different managers shape and support the psychological contracts in consistent, integrated and balanced manner, (Rousseau and Greller, 1994 p. 385-401). If employees feel that their psychological contract has been disrupted or breached, and then they may withhold or withdraw from the relationships, consciously or unconsciously, (Spindler, 1994: 326- 327). 2.1.2 The Guest model of Psychological Contract This model was formulated by Guest et al, 1996 suggests that the contract should be measured in terms of fairness of treatment, trust, and the extent to which the explicit deal or contract is perceived to be delivered. Figure 2.1: A Model of the psychological contract Causes Organisational culture HRM policy and practice Experience Expectations Alternatives Consequences Fairness Trust The delivery of the deal Content Organisational citizenship Organisational commitment Motivation Satisfaction and well-being Source: Guest et al, 1996 The simplified Guest model of the psychological contract as illustrated above in Figure 2.1 (as quoted in CIPD 2006) defines it in terms of linkage between the inputs, being the HR practices; the employee features and the companys characteristics together with the content, being the fairness and trust and finally the outputs being the employees behaviour; work performance and delivery. ODonnell and Shields (2002) believes that Guests extended model of the psychological contract (from employee perspective) represents a particularly useful way of understanding the attitudinal and behavioural impact of employment practices at the level of the individual employee (Guest 1998: 659-60) Hiltrop (1995) states that this psychological contract has two important aims, the first for providing a gauge for employers of the type of outputs they are going to obtain from employees and secondly by employees contributing their time and effort for the level of rewards they will receive. 2.1.3 The changing nature of the Psychological Contract According to Hiltrop (1995), there is considerable evidence that shows the changing of the psychological contract in the past decades. Now the employers want to know in advance the outcome of the employees efforts and employees want to know what reward he will get in exchange of the hard work and time spend in the organisation. De Meuse and Tornow (1990) stated that since the 1970s, however, the force that connect employers and employees has become severely stressed organisations deal with the need to cut costs and enhance efficiency, have ever more compacted their workforce and eradicated some of the elements (job security, regular promotions up the corporate ladder, annual wage increases, cheap mortgages, etc.) offered as a rule to employees in the earlier decades (De Meuse and Tornow 1990 p. 203-13). Moreover, people fill in the blanks along the way, and they sometimes do so inconsistently (Rousseau, 1994 as quoted in Hiltrop, 1995 p. 287). In addition to the above context, Kolb et al., (1991) have pointed out that a company staffed by cheated individuals who expect far more than they get is headed for trouble (Kolb et al., 1991 as stated in Hiltrop, 1995 p.287). Conversely, optimistically, some organisations are trying to develop steps that can increase mutuality and to endow with scale for tangential career development and enhance knowledge and skills through opportunities for learning. It has been recognised that the organisations can no longer provide a guaranteed long term job to the employees; they have to take responsibilities to build their skills and give a path for career development. In other words they take steps to improve employability (Armstrong, 2003 p. 302). Two diagrammatic representations are given below which shows the differences between the old and new employment contract by Kissler (1994) and the changing nature of the psychological contract by Hiltrop (1995). Figure 2.2: Difference between the old and new contract. OLD Relationship is predetermined and imposed You are who you work for and what you do Loyalty is defined by performance Employees who do what they are told will work till retirement NEW Relationship is mutual and negotiated You are defined by multiple roles, many external to the organisation Loyalty is defined by output and quality People and skills only needed when required Long-term employment is unlikely; expect and prepare for multiple relationships Source: Kissler, 1994, p. 335-52 Figure 2.3: Changing Psychological Contract . FROM Imposed relationship (compliance, command and control) Permanent employment relationship Focus on promotion Finite job duties Meet job requirements Emphasise on job security and loyalty to the company Training provided by organisation TO Mutual relationship (commitment, participation and involvement) Variable employment relationship people and skills only obtained or retained when required Focus on lateral career development Multiple roles Add value Emphasis on employability and loyalty to own career and skills Opportunities for self-managed learning Source: Hiltrop 1995, p 286-294. Hiltrop (1995) also suggests that a new psychological contract is emerging which is more situational and short term that assumes that each party is less dependent on the other for survival and growth. This new contract was described by Hiltrop (1995) as a worker being employed as long as they provide added value to the company and in return they expect the right to demand interesting and important work with the freedom and resources to perform it well along with performance related pay and training and development. However Armstrong (2006) argued that this could hardly be classified as a balanced contract because employers still dictate their workers employment terms and conditions apart from cases where workers are in demand and there is little supply of skills. Mant (1996) (as quoted within Armstrong 2006) classified workers as resources that are acquired or divested according to shortterm economic circumstances, therefore having little influence over the terms of the contract that their employer offers them. Additionally Taylor (2008) claims that the new relationship is less emotional and is simply an economic exchange, thus moving from relational to transactional. Organisations that are now adopting the rationale behind the use of the flexible firm model (Atkinson 1984) will have developed diverse types of psychological contracts among their workforce. Rousseau and Wade-Benzoni (1995) (as quoted within McDonald and Making 2000) found that temporary staff usually have a transactional contract with significance given to the economic elements of the contract, whilst permanent staff are more likely to have a relational contract involving commitment to the organisation. Additionally Guest (2004) found that the content of temporary workers psychological contract is narrower, transactional and easier to manage on both the employers and employees behalf which temporary workers preferred. An investigation into the company Flexco (Saunders and Thornhill 2005) found that forced change within the company structure through downsizing changed the psychological contract of those on permanent and temporary employment contracts. After the changes it was reported that the temporary workers contained mostly transactional expectations and most permanent employees were found to have relational expectations. However, there were a few exceptions regarding permanent employees, who felt that the changes had violated their contract in terms of interpersonal treatment. These employees felt insecure, and worried that they may face a temporary contract in the future, which emphasises that they no longer felt as though their job was secure. 2.2 The purpose of the performance appraisal. Performance assessment is one of the many people management techniques that classify and order individual hierarchically (Townley, 1994, p.33). A performance appraisal is the process by which a manager evaluates an employees work performance by measurement and comparison with previously established standards (Palmer, 1991 p. 1). According to Palmer (1991), there are two major purpose of conducting performance appraisals. One purpose is to provide the information for the administrative decision making such as the increment of salary, bonuses, promotion and the administrative actions that can be brought by the work performance of the employee. This also helps the organisation to decide whether to introduce for instance, a new incentive system or to improve the present pay and promotion methods. In other words, it is a vehicle to validate and refine organisational actions. For example, it has been noticed in the appraisal data that one of the employee has constant conflicts with the fellow colleague or with the supervisor or manager. Some options can be concluded from the above case, which is, showing more importance to the interpersonal skill while recruiting the new staff or encouraging the present employee to attend the sessions on the conflict management offered by various colleges or providing the employee with one-to-one counselling (Billikopf, 2003 p. 60). The other major purpose is to provide feedback to the employees on their work performance based on the standards established on the job description and analysis. Feedback provided by the supervisor or the manager give the employees an opportunity to develop their career path within the organisation. Feedback can be positive or constructive. Positive appraisal has many benefits and beneficiar